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.search Women Fosearchr instance Erotic , Escort mucsearchh oft Busty e r Service sesearchrAV%CF%C2%C2%ED%B5%C4%C6%EF%B1%F8h into the nature of the fluid focuses on determining whether it is or contains urine. There are also problems involved in the collection of specimens and issues of contamination. Since the area of interest is para-urethral glands, it is impossible to completely separate the secretions from urine, especially considering that there may be retrograde ejaculation into the urethra towards the bladder. The best current data comes from studies where women have abstained from coitus, and where their own urine is used as a control both pre and post-orgasm. Research has attempted to use chemicals that are excreted in the urine so that any urinary contamination can be detected. Further methodological issues include the fact that the composition of the fluid appears to vary with the menstrual cycle,[59] and that the biochemical profile of the para-urethral tissues varies with age.[60] Other issues relate to the sensitivity and specificity of the markers chosen. The key questions are the source of the fluid produced, and its composition.[33] Some relevant findings have been presented in conferences but never published in peer review journals, and many others are in difficult to access resources.
Relation to urinary incontinence
Towards the later part of the twentieth century, there was significant confusion between female ejaculation and urinary incontinence. In 1982, Bohlen explained the accepted wisdom;[33]
The previously accepted notion that all fluid expelled during a woman's orgasm is urine is now being challenged...sexologists must take care not to assume now that any fluid produced at orgasm is "female ejaculate".
Scientific studies from the 1980s and later have demonstrated that the substance produced is distinct from urine, though it does show similarities such as alkalinity with urine.[7] A recent study of women who report ejaculation found no evidence of any urological problems, suggesting these two conditions (ejaculation and coital incontinence) are quite distinct physiologically, although perhaps not always distinguishable in a particular individual's mind.[citation needed] Davidson's study of 1,289 women found that the sensation of ejaculation was very similar to that of urination.[3] The best evidence indicates that most fluid expelled during female orgasm is urine. One study used urethral catheterization in order to separate urine from orgasmic expulsions from elsewhere in the body. Seven women claiming to have ejaculations expelled large volumes of urine through the catheter at orgasm, and little to no other fluid.[61] No catheterization study has shown large volumes of fluid expelled at orgasm from any source other than the bladder.
It may be important for physicians to establish whether there is in fact any incontinence in women who report ejaculation, to avoid unnecessary interventions.[32][62] It is also important for physicians to distinguish orgasmic ejaculation from vaginal discharges which may require further investigation and treatment. In individual cases, the exact source of any reported discharge may not be obvious without further investigation.
Nature of fluid
Critics have maintained that ejaculation is either stress incontinence or vaginal lubrication. Research in this area has concentrated almost exclusively on attempts to prove that the ejaculate is not urine,[43][63] measuring substances such as urea, creatinine, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate specific antigen (PSA),[6] glucose and fructose [64] levels. Early work was contradictory; the initial study on one woman by Addiego and colleagues reported in 1981,[30] could not be confirmed in a subsequent study on 11 women in 1983, [65] but was confirmed in another 7 women in 1984.[66] In 1985 a different group studied 27 women, and found only urine,[46] suggesting that results depend critically on the methods used.
A 2007 study on two women involved ultrasound, endoscopy, and biochemical analysis of fluid. The ejaculate was compared to pre-orgasmic urine from the same woman, and also to published data on male ejaculate. In both women, higher levels of PSA, PAP, and glucose but lower levels of creatinine were found in the ejaculate than the urine. PSA levels were comparable to those in males.[5]
Source of fluid
One very practical objection relates to the reported volumes ejaculated since this fluid must be stored somewhere in the pelvis, of which the urinary bladder is the largest source. The actual volume of the para-urethral tissue is quite small. By comparison, male ejaculate varies from 0.2–6.6 mL (0.04–1.3 tsp) (95% confidence interval), with a maximum of 13 mL (2.6 tsp).[67] Therefore claims of larger amounts of ejaculate are likely to contain at least some amount of urine. The eleven specimens analyzed by Goldberg in 1983,[65] ranged from 3–15 mL (0.6–3.0 tsp).[66] One source states that Skene's glands are capable of excreting 30–50 mL (6–10 tsp) in 30–50 seconds,[54] but it is unclear how this was measured and has not been confirmed. One approach is to use a chemical like methylene blue so that any urinary component can be detected.[66] Belzer showed that in one woman he studied, the dye was found in her urine, but not her orgasmic expulsion.[29]
PAP and PSA have been identified in the para-urethral tissues, using biochemical and immunohistochemical methods, suggesting that the ejaculate likely arises from the ducts in these tissues, in a manner homologous to that in the male.[68][69][70][71][72] Another marker common to the prostate/para-urethral tissue in both sexes is Human Protein 1.[73]
PSA occurs in urine, and is elevated in post-orgasmic samples compared to pre-orgasmic. Simultaneous collection of ejaculate also showed PSA in both urine and ejaculate in all cases, but in higher concentration in the ejaculate than in the urine.[50]
Function
The physiological function of the purported liquid is unknown. A 2009 paper in Medical Hypotheses suggests that it may have an anti-microbial function, protecting from urinary tract infections.[74]
Social significance
Sexual functions, and orgasm in particular, remain poorly understood scientifically, as opposed to politically and philosophically.[56][75][76] Regardless of the actual facts relating to the details of female ejaculation, the social significance of the popular accounts through the feminist health care movement has been considerable.[11]
Many women, before learning about ejaculation, experienced shame or avoided sexual intimacy under the belief that they had wet the bed.[54] Others suppressed sexual climax, and sought medical advice for this "problem," and even underwent surgery.[11]
There are, however, concerns. The terminology (such as female prostate and female ejaculation) invoke images of the female as merely an imitation of the male, mapping the female body onto the male, as if, like the Galenic view, it was incomplete.[77] Furthermore, overemphasis of ejaculation may induce performance anxiety.[11] For the reason that 'sameness' has been construed as a male perspective, some feminists reject the term ejaculation. Others argue it should be retained as a distinctive feminine characteristic distinguishable from the male, and imbued with different properties and purpose. A third concern is that of the increasing 'medicalisation' of women's sexuality, as expressed by Leonore Tiefer which finds its most extreme manifestation in the concept of female sexual dysfunction.[78] Tiefer has expressed concern that overemphasising ejaculation will drive women who might feel inadequate to seek medical attention,[11] as has the Boston Women's Health Collective.[79] Other criticism comes from Barbara Ehrenreich [80] and colleagues who see this new sexuality as one that privileges the male in control, penile retention and body position, but this is denied by others.[12]
Contemporary women's health literature summarises what is considered factual as being that the amount of fluid varies greatly and may be unnoticeable, occurs with or without vaginal stimulation, and may accompany orgasm or merely intense sexual pleasure, and orgasm may occur without ejaculation. Whether it can be learned or not, women report that they can induce it by enhancing their sexual response.[11] Regardless, countless workshops now exist to teach women that learning how to ejaculate is an important form of feminine sexual expression. Sundahl describes it as a birthright and essential part of female creativity.[42]
Legal implications
The presence of chemical markers such as PSA or PAP in the female genital tract has been considered evidence in rape trials,[81] but Sensabaugh and Kahane demonstrated in four specimens that PAP was an order of magnitude greater in a woman's ejaculate than in her urine. Recently, knowledge that these markers can be of female origin has led to acquittal based on forensic evidence.[45][82]
Censorship
In the United Kingdom, the British Board of Film Classification has banned films alleged to show female ejaculation, claiming that the expert medical advice they received informed them that there is no such thing as female ejaculation, and therefore it was deemed to show urine.[83][84] Urination during sex (or "piss play", as they refer to it) is considered to be obscenity under English Law.[85] They later stated instead that they do not take any view on whether female ejaculation exists, only claiming that all examples they have seen thus far during classification have been urination during sex.[86]
Easy on the Eye Productions released a press announcement on October 6, 2010 stating that the BBFC passed the DVD "Women Love Porn" (containing a scene including female ejaculation in the scene "Top Milf") on advice of legal counsel when the director, Anna Span, pushed for a hearing with the Video Appeals Committee. The BBFC maintains that they do not accept the existence of female ejaculation and their "position remains fundamentally unchanged for future releases". Easy On the Eye Productions considers it a "historic victory".[87] According to the Carnal Nation site, the issue was first raised by the group Feminists Against Censorship (FAC) in 2001.[85]
In Australia, a similar view has been taken with regard to Internet Censorship proposals, which ban pornographic websites featuring female ejaculation.[88]
See also
Sexuality portal
AFE zone
Bartholin's gland
One sex two sex theory
Retrograde ejaculation
Urethral sponge
References
^ Block, Susan (26/27 February 2005). "All About Female Ejaculation". Counterpunch. block02262005.html. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
^ Bullough B, David M, Whipple B, Dixon J, Allgeier ER, Drury KC. (March 1984). "Subjective reports of female orgasmic expulsion of fluid". Nurse Pract 9 (3): 55–9. doi:10.1097/00006205-198409030-00009. PMID 6546788.
^ a b Davidson JK, Darling CA, Conway-Welch, C (Summer 1989). "The role of the Grafenberg Spot and female gushing in the female orgasmic response: an empirical analysis". J Sex Marital Ther 15 (2): 102–20. PMID 2769772.
^ a b Darling CA, Davidson JK Sr, Conway-Welch C. (February 1990). "Female ejaculation: perceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness". Arch Sex Behav 19 (1): 29–47. doi:10.1007/BF01541824. PMID 2327894.
^ a b c Wimpissinger F, Stifter K, Grin W, Stackl W (September 2007). "The female prostate revisited: perineal ultrasound and biochemical studies of female ejaculate". J Sex Med 4 (5): 1388–93; discussion 1393. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00542.x. PMID 17634056.
^ a b Zaviacic M. The human female prostate: From Vestigial Skene's Paraurethral Glands and Ducts to Woman's Functional Prostate. Slovak Academic Press, Bratislava 1999
^ a b Kratochvíl Stanislav (April 1994). "Orgasmic expulsions in women". Českoslovenaká psychiatrie 90 (2): 71–7. PMID 8004685.
^ Zaviacic M (May 1994). "Sexual asphyxiophilia (Koczwarism) in women and the biological phenomenon of female ejaculation". Med. Hypotheses 42 (5): 318–22. doi:10.1016/0306-9877(94)90006-X. PMID 7935074. retrieve/pii/0306-9877(94)90006-X. [dead link]
^ Zaviacic M, Zaviacicová A, Komorník J, Mikulecký M, Holomán IK (1984). "Circatrigintan (30 +/- 5 d) variations of the cellular component of female urethral expulsion fluid. A biometrical study". Int Urol Nephrol 16 (4): 311–8. doi:10.1007/BF02081866. PMID 6543558.
^ What Is Female Ejaculation by Lisa Lawless, Ph.D.; author of THE ART OF FEMALE EJACULATION; CEO of Holistic Wisdom, Inc.; url: services_female-ejaculation_what-is-it.htm; 04 July 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i Chalker, Rebecca (2002). The Clitoral Truth: The secret world at your fingertips. New York: Seven Stories. ISBN 1583224734. ?id=m3m3_Uq8qWkC&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94.
^ a b c d e f Bell S. (1994). "Feminist ejaculations". In Alison Jaggar (ed.). Living With Contradictions: Controversies in feminist social ethics. Boulder: Westview. pp. 529–36. ISBN 9780813317762. qBusty Escort Erotic Singlewomenadultservice V Single Women Adult Service Images Szh 1 Single Women Adult Service 潮吹的英文版 转自维基百科Female ejaculation（From pedia）e v v Single t t Affair Single Women Adult Service
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